
Ethereum Block Gas Accounting: How EIP-7778 Treats Refunds
EIP-7778 keeps eligible user gas refunds but stops them from freeing block capacity. Learn the two ledgers, receipt impact, risks, and Glamsterdam status.

EIP-7778 keeps eligible user gas refunds but stops them from freeing block capacity. Learn the two ledgers, receipt impact, risks, and Glamsterdam status.

Learn how EIP-2780 decomposes Ethereum intrinsic gas, when runtime state gas applies, and what wallets and developers must test before Glamsterdam.

Learn how EIP-8037 state gas and EIP-8038 access pricing change Ethereum gas assumptions, which contracts are exposed, and how to test safely.

Learn how EVM memory works, why expansion costs gas, how Solidity uses the free memory pointer, and which assembly mistakes can corrupt execution.
Learn how EIP-2930 access lists pre-warm Ethereum addresses and storage slots, how gas accounting works, and when eth_createAccessList can mislead.

Learn how Ethereum transaction receipts record execution status, gas used, logs, contract creation, typed transactions, and receipt-root commitments.